Carbidonitride phosphors and LED lighting devices using the same

ABSTRACT

A red phosphor is provided. Also provided is a lighting apparatus containing a red phosphor.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/577,534 filed on Dec. 19, 2011.

This invention was made with United States Government support under Department of Energy Award Number DE-EE0003245. The United States Government may have certain rights in this invention.

The present invention relates to a red phosphor and its use in lighting applications, particularly in light emitting diode lighting devices.

Phosphor-converted LEDs (pcLEDs) utilize a blue LED chip as a light source and one or more phosphors to produce white light. Devices based on pcLED technology are poised to become fundamental devices for general use in solid state lighting applications. Nevertheless, significant advances are required in order to achieve the performance specifications set by the solid state lighting market.

The pcLED devices create their white light emissions from a single LED by exciting the included phosphor(s) using the emission spectrum produced by the blue LED chip. The emission spectrum produced by the blue LED chip excites the included phosphor(s) which then produce an emission spectrum that combines with that of the blue LED chip to yield white light. It is important to recognize that color tuning of the blue LED chip and the included phosphor(s) is critical for the effectiveness and optimization of the pcLED devices. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for phosphor development to provide pcLED device manufactures with enhanced color tuning capabilities.

Also, the phosphors used in conventional pcLED device designs are located in close proximity to the blue LED light source. As a result, during light generation these phosphors are subjected to elevated temperatures. The junction temperatures exhibited by high power LED chips are typically in the range of 100 to 150° C. At such elevated temperatures, the crystal of the phosphors are at a high vibrationally excited state. When placed in such a high vibrationally excited state, the excitation energy can result in the generation of additional heat through non-luminescent relaxation rather than resulting in the desired luminescence emission from the phosphor. This heat generation exacerbates the situation resulting in a vicious cycle that contributes to the inability of current pcLED devices to achieve the industry established performance specifications for the solid state lighting market. Accordingly, successful development of pcLED devices for general illumination requires the identification of phosphors that can operate highly efficiently at temperatures of 100 to 150° C.

Nitride based phosphors have been proposed for use in pcLED devices because of their excellent luminescence performance at the high temperatures developed in pcLED devices. Examples of such nitride based phosphors include metal silicon nitride based phosphors. The host crystals of these phosphor materials consist mainly of chemical bonds of Si—N, Al—N, as well as hybrid bonds thereof, as the backbone of the structure. White these bonds are stable, the chemical bond between silicon and carbon (Si—C) has a higher bond energy, and therefore higher thermal and chemical stability. Furthermore, carbon forms very stable chemical bond with many metal atoms.

The introduction of carbon or carbide into crystalline phosphor materials, however, has previously been considered detrimental in luminescence performance. The often dark body color of various metal carbides can be a source of absorption or quenching of emission light. Also, residual unreacted carbon or carbide that remains in a particular phosphor preparation utilizing carbon or carbide as a precursor can reduce the emission intensity of the phosphor.

Carbidonitride phosphors can be comprised of carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, aluminum, boron and other metals in the host crystal and one or more metal dopants as a luminescent activator. This class of phosphors has recently emerged as a color converter capable of converting near UV (nUV) or blue light to other light in the visible spectral range, blue, green, yellow, orange and red light. The host crystal of carbidonitride phosphors is comprised of —N—Si—C—, —N—Si—N—, and —C—Si—C— networks in which the strong covalent bonds of Si—C and Si—N serve as the main building blocks of the structure. Generically, the network structure formed by Si—C bonds has a strong absorption in the entire visible light spectral region, and therefore has been previously considered unsuitable for use in host materials for high efficiency phosphors.

In certain carbidonitride phosphors, the carbon can enhance, rather than quench, the luminescence of the phosphor, in particular when the phosphor is subjected to relatively high temperatures (e.g. 200° C. to 400° C.). The reflectance of certain silicon carbidonitride phosphors in the wavelength range of the desired emission spectrum increases as the amount of carbon increases. These carbidonitride phosphors have been reported to exhibit excellent thermal stability of emission and high emission efficiency.

One family of carbidonitride based phosphors designed for use in pcLED devices is disclosed in United States Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0279016 to Li et al. Li et al. describe stoichiometric carbidonitride phosphors and light emitting devices which utilize the same, wherein the family of carbidonitride based phosphors are expressed as follows: Ca_(1−x)Al_(x−xy)Si_(1−x+xy)N_(2−x−xy)C_(xy):A  (1); Ca_(1−x−z)Na_(z)M(III)_(x−xy−z)Si_(1−x+xy+z)N_(2−x−xy)C_(xy):A  (2); M(II)_(1−x−z)M(I)_(z)M(III)_(x−xy−z)Si_(1−x+xy+z)N_(2−x−xy)C_(xy):A  (3); M(II)_(1−x−z)M(I)_(z)M(III)_(x−xy−z)Si_(1−x+xy+z)N_(2−x−xy−2w/3)C_(xy)O_(w-v/2)H_(v):A  (4); and M(II)_(1−x−z)M(I)_(z)M(III)_(x−xy−z)Si_(1−x+xy+z)N_(2−x−xy−2w/3−v/3)C_(xy)O_(w)H_(v):A  (4a); wherein 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0≦z<1, 0≦v<1, 0<w<1, (x+z)<1, x>(xy+z), and 0<(x−xy−z)<1; wherein M(II) is at least one divalent cation; wherein M(I) is at least one monovalent cation; M(III) is at least one trivalent cation; wherein H is at least one monovalent anion; and, wherein A is a luminescence activator doped in the crystal structure.

Notwithstanding, there is a continuing need for phosphors that provide pcLED device manufactures with enhanced color tuning capabilities. Particularly, there is a continuing need for additional red phosphor offerings that exhibit tunable emission spectra having a peak wavelength of 600 to 660 nm and that, preferably, further exhibit high efficiency at operating temperatures of 100 to 150° C.

The present invention provides a red phosphor, comprising: an inorganic compound represented by formula (1) M(II)M(III)SiN_(y)C_(x):A  (1) wherein M(II) comprises at least one divalent cation; wherein M(III) comprises at least one trivalent cation; wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator; wherein 0<y≦3; and, wherein 0<x≦2.

The present invention provides a red phosphor, comprising: an inorganic compound represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator; wherein 0≦z≦1; 0≦a≦1; (z+a)≦1; 0<y<3; and, wherein 0<x≦2.

The present invention provides a red phosphor, comprising: an inorganic compound represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein 0≦z≦1; 0≦a≦1; (z+a)≦1; y=(3−(4x/3)); and, wherein 0<x≦2.

The present invention provides a red phosphor, comprising: an inorganic compound represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein 0≦z≦1; 0≦a≦1; (z+a)≦1; y=(3−x); and, wherein 0<x≦2.

The present invention provides a lighting apparatus for emitting white light comprising: a light source, wherein the light source produces light having a source luminescence spectrum; and, a first source luminescence spectrum modifier, wherein the first source luminescence spectrum modifier is a red phosphor according to the present invention; wherein the red phosphor is radiationally coupled to the light source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the excitation and resulting emission spectra for a red phosphor of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the excitation and resulting emission spectra for a red phosphor of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the emission spectra for several red phosphors of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the emission spectra for several red phosphors of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the x-ray diffraction pattern for a red phosphor of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting the x-ray diffraction pattern for a red phosphor of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the x-ray diffraction pattern for a red phosphor of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a graph depicting the reflectance spectra for several red phosphors of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the reflectance spectra for several red phosphors of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a graph depicting thermal quenching behavior exhibited by several red phosphors.

FIG. 11 is a graph depicting thermal quenching behavior exhibited by several red phosphors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention, comprises: an organic compound represented by formula (1) M(II)M(III)SiN_(y)C_(x):A  (1) wherein M(II) comprises at least one divalent cation (preferably, wherein M(II) comprises at least one divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Co, Pd, Zn and Cd; more preferably, wherein M(II) comprises at least one divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca and Sr; most preferably, wherein M(II) comprises at least one divalent cation selected front the group consisting of Ca and Sr); wherein M(III) comprises at least one trivalent cation (preferably, wherein M(III) comprises at least one trivalent cation selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, Sc and Y; more preferably, wherein M(III) comprises at least one trivalent cation selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga and B; most preferably, wherein M(III) comprises Al); wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator (preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi and Sb; more preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Yb²⁺ and Mn²⁺; most preferably wherein A comprises Eu²⁺); and, wherein 0<y<3 (preferably, wherein 1≦y<3; more preferably, 1≦y≦2.8; most preferably, 1.5≦y≦2.75); and, 0<x≦2 (preferably, wherein 0.05<x≦1.75; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦x≦1.5; most preferably, wherein 0.2≦x≦1).

Preferably, in the inorganic compound represented by formula (1), A is doped in the host crystal lattice in an amount equal to 0.0001 to 50% (more preferably, 0.001 to 20%; still more preferably 0.1 to 5%; most preferably 0.1 to 1%), relative to the Si content on a mol basis. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the inorganic compounds represented by formula (1) are crystallized in an orthorhombic Cmc21 crystal system. Also, the luminescence activator, A, can be located in at least one of substitutional (e.g., replacing M(II) cations or M(III) cations) and interstitial sites in the host crystal lattice.

The red phosphor of the present invention, preferably exhibits a luminescent emission in a wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm upon excitation with a higher radiation energy. More preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention exhibits an emission band in a wavelength range of 550 to 750 nm upon excitation with light energy having a wavelength of 200 to 550 nm. Preferably, the red phosphor exhibits an emission spectra having a peak emission wavelength, Pλ_(phosphor), of 600 to 660 nm (more preferably, 620 to 650 nm; still more preferably, 625 to 650 nm; most preferably, 625 to 640 nm) upon excitation from a light source exhibiting an emission spectra having a peak source wavelength, Pλ_(source), of 200 to 600 nm (preferably, 200 to 550 nm; more preferably, 350 to 490 nm; most preferably, wherein Pλ_(source) is 453 nm).

Preferably, the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) is represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator (preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi and Sb; more preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Yb²⁺ and Mn²⁺; most preferably, wherein A comprises Eu²⁺); and, wherein 0≦z≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.01≦z≦0.5; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦z≦0.3); wherein 0≦a≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.5≦a≦0.99; more preferably, wherein 0.7≦a≦0.9); (z+a)≦1; 0<y<3 (preferably, wherein 1≦y<3; more preferably, 1≦y≦2.8; most preferably, 1.5≦y≦2.75); and, wherein 0<x≦2 (preferably, wherein 0.05<x≦1.75; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦x≦1.5; most preferably, wherein 0.2≦x≦1).

Preferably, the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) is represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator (preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi and Sb; more preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Yb²⁺ and Mn²⁺; most preferably, wherein A comprises Eu²⁺); and, wherein 0≦z≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.01≦z≦0.5; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦z≦0.3); wherein 0≦a≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.5≦a≦0.99; more preferably, wherein 0.7≦a≦0.9); (z+a)≦1; y=(3−(4x/3)); and, wherein 0<x≦2 (preferably, wherein 0.05<x≦1.75; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦x≦1.5; most preferably, wherein 0.2≦x≦1)

Preferably, the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) is represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator (preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tin, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi and Sb; more preferably, wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Yb²⁺ and Mn²⁺; most preferably, wherein A comprises Eu²⁺); and, wherein 0≦z≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.01≦z≦0.5; more preferably, wherein 0.1≦z≦0.3); wherein 0≦a≦1 (preferably, wherein 0.5≦a≦0.99; more preferably, wherein 0.7≦a≦0.9); (z+a)≦1; y=(3−x); and, wherein 0<x≦2 (preferably, wherein 0<x≦1; more preferably, wherein 0.05≦x≦0.8; most preferably, wherein 0.1≦x≦0.5).

Preferably, in the inorganic compound represented by formula (2), A is doped in the host crystal lattice in an amount equal to 0.0001 to 50% (more preferably, 0.001 to 20%; still more preferably 0.1 to 5%; most preferably 0.1 to 1%), relative to the Si content on a mol basis. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the inorganic compounds represented by formula (1) are crystallized in an orthorhombic Cmc21 crystal system. Also, the luminescence activator, A, can be located in at least one of substitutional (e.g., replacing Ca, Sr of Al cations) and interstitial sites in the host crystal lattice.

The red phosphor of the present invention can contain impurities. Preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention, comprises: ≧80 wt % (more preferably, 80 to 100 wt %; still more preferably 90 to 100 wt %; yet still more preferably 95 to 100 wt %; most preferably 99 to 100 wt %) of the inorganic compound represented by formula (1). More preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention, comprises: ≧80 wt % (more preferably, 80 to 100 wt %; still more preferably 90 to 100 wt %; yet still more preferably 95 to 100 wt %; most preferably 99 to 100 wt %) of the inorganic compound represented by formula (1); wherein the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) is represented by formula (2).

Preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention, comprises: an inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)), wherein the compound exhibits the ratio of atoms specified by formula (1) (preferably, by formula (2)), which ratio can be in stoichiometric proportions or in non-stoichiometric proportions. The inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)) can be present as at least two different crystalline phases. Preferably, the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)) is present as one substantially pure crystalline phase (more preferably, ≧98% of a particular crystalline phase; most preferably, ≧99% of a particular crystalline phase).

Preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 150° C. More preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 200° C. Most preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 250° C.

Preferably, the red phosphor of the present invention exhibits a median diameter of 2 to 50 microns (more preferably, 4 to 30 microns; most preferably, 5 to 20 microns).

The red phosphor of the present invention, optionally, further comprises a surface treatment applied to a surface of the inorganic compound. Preferably, the surface treatment provides at least one of enhanced stability and enhanced processability. The surface treatment can provide enhanced stability to the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)) by imparting the inorganic compound with, for example, improved moisture resistance. The surface treatment can provide enhanced processability to the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)) by enhancing the dispersibility of the inorganic compound in a given liquid carrier. Surface treatments include, for example, polymers (e.g., acrylic resins, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyethylenes and polyorganosiloxanes); metal oxides (e.g., magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, vanadium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, bismuth oxide); metal nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride, aluminum nitride); orthophosphates (e.g., calcium phosphate, barium phosphate, strontium phosphate); polyphosphates; combinations of alkali metal phosphates and alkaline-Earth metal phosphates with calcium salts (e.g., sodium phosphate with calcium nitrate); and, glass materials (e.g., borosilicates, phospho silicates, silicates).

The red phosphor of the present invention is, optionally, dispersed in a liquid carrier to form a phosphor composition of the present invention. Preferably, the phosphor composition of the present invention, comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (1); and a liquid carrier, wherein the inorganic compound is dispersed in the liquid carrier. More preferably, the phosphor composition of the present invention, comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (2); and a liquid carrier, wherein the inorganic compound is dispersed in the liquid carrier. The phosphor composition of the present invention is preferably formulated with a liquid carrier to facilitate at least one of: the storage of the inorganic compound represented by formula (1) (preferably, represented by formula (2)) and the manufacture of a lighting apparatus (preferably, a pcLED device). The liquid carrier can be selected to be a fugitive substance (e.g., to be evaporated during processing). The liquid carrier can be selected to be a transformative substance (e.g., to be reacted from a flowable liquid to a non-flowable material).

Fugitive substances suitable for use as liquid carriers include, for example: non-polar solvents (e.g., pentane; cyclopentane; hexane; cyclohexane; benzene; toluene; 1,4-dioxane; chloroform; diethyl ether) and polar aprotic solvents (e.g., dichloromethane; tetrahydrofuran; ethyl acetate; acetone; dimethylformamide; acetonitrile; dimethyl sulfoxide; propylene carbonate).

Transformative liquid carriers suitable for use as liquid carriers include, for example: thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins that undergo curing upon exposure to at least one of thermal energy and photonic energy. For example, transformative liquid media include: acrylic resins (e.g., (alkyl)acrylates, such as, polymethyl (meth)acrylate); styrene; styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers; polycarbonates; polyesters; phenoxy resins; butyral resins; polyvinyl alcohols; cellulose resins (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, and cellulose acetate butyrate); epoxy resins; phenol resins; and silicone resins (e.g., polyorganosiloxanes).

The phosphor composition of the present invention, optionally, further comprises: an additive. Preferred additives include a dispersant. Preferably, the dispersant promotes the formation and stabilization of the phosphor composition. Preferred dispersants include, for example, titanium oxides, aluminum oxides, barium titanates and silicon oxides.

The lighting apparatus of the present invention for emitting white light, comprises: at least one light source, wherein the light source produces light having a source luminescence spectrum; and, a first source luminescence spectrum modifier, wherein the first source luminescence spectrum modifier is a red phosphor of the present invention; and, wherein the red phosphor is radiationally coupled to the light source. The lighting apparatus of the present invention can contain a plurality of light sources.

The light source(s) used in the lighting apparatus of the present invention preferably include light sources that emit light having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(source), between 200 and 600 nm (preferably, between 200 and 550 nm; more preferably, between 350 and 490 nm). Preferably, the light source used in the lighting apparatus of the present invention is a semiconductor light source. More preferably, the light source used in the lighting apparatus of the present invention is a semiconductor light source selected from GaN based light sources; InGaN based light sources (e.g., In_(i)Al_(j)Ga_(k)N, where 0≦i≦1, 0≦j≦1, 0≦k≦1, and where i+j+k=1); BN based light sources; SiC based light sources; ZnSe based light sources; B_(i)Al_(j)Ga_(k)N based light sources, where 0≦i≦1, 0≦j≦1, 0≦k≦1, and where i+j+k=1; and, B_(i)In_(j)Al_(k)Ga_(m)N based light sources, where 0≦i≦1, 0≦j≦1, 0≦k≦1, 0≦m≦1, and where i+j+k+m=1. Most preferably, the light source used in the lighting apparatus of the present invention is selected from a GaN based light source and an InGaN based light source; wherein the light source emits light having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(source), between 200 and 600 nm (preferably, between 200 and 550 nm; more preferably, between 350 and 490 nm; most preferably, wherein Pλ_(source) is 453 nm).

Preferably, the lighting apparatus of the present invention contains alight source having a luminescence spectrum with a peak wavelength, pλ_(source), between 200 and 600 nm; wherein the red phosphor exhibits an emission spectrum having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(phosphor), between 600 and 660 nm upon exposure to the light produced by the light source.

The lighting apparatus of the present invention, optionally, further comprises: a second source luminescence spectrum modifier, wherein the second source luminescence spectrum modifier comprises at least one additional phosphor, wherein the at least one additional phosphor is radiationally coupled to at least one of the light source and the first source luminescence spectrum modifier. Preferably, the second source luminescence spectrum modifier is at least one additional phosphor selected from the group consisting of red emitting phosphors, blue emitting phosphors, yellow emitting phosphors, green emitting phosphors and combinations thereof. Preferably, the second source luminescence spectrum modifier is at least one additional phosphor interposed between the light source and the first luminescence spectrum modifier.

Preferably, the lighting apparatus of the present invention comprises at least two phosphors, wherein at least one of the phosphors is a red phosphor of the present invention. The at least two phosphors can be intermixed in one matrix. Alternatively, the at least two phosphors can be dispersed separately such that the phosphors can be superimposed in layers instead of dispersing the phosphors together in a single matrix. The layering of the phosphors can be used to obtain a final light emission color by way of a plurality of color conversion processes.

Some embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in the following Examples.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1 AND EXAMPLES 1-10 Preparation of Inorganic Compounds of Formula (1)

The inorganic compound represented by formula (1) in each of Comparative Example C1 and Examples 1-10 was prepared by a solid state reaction with the starting materials in the amounts identified in TABLE 1. The Metal nitrides and europium nitride used in the Examples were prepared from the respective metal in advance using standard nitridation techniques. In each of the Examples, the starting materials noted in TABLE 1 were provided in powder form, were weighed out, physically mixed together and ground with a mortar and pestle in a glove box under a dried nitrogen atmosphere to form a uniform powder mixture. The powder mixture was then loaded in a firing crucible and placed in a high temperature furnace under a high purity nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere. The powder mixture was then heated at a temperature of 1600 to 2000° C. for 8 to 12 hours. The resulting powder was removed from the firing crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle and sieved using 100 to 400 mesh sieve. The powder was then washed by acid and deionized water at room temperature to provide the product inorganic compound.

TABLE 1 Ex # Ca₃N₂ (g) Sr₂N (g) AlN (g) Si₃N₄ (g) SiC (g) EuN (g) C1 1.775 0 1.484 1.694 0 0.048 1 1.793 0 1.499 1.368 0.293 0.049 2 1.810 0 1.514 1.036 0.592 0.049 3 1.828 0 1.529 0.698 0.897 0.050 4 1.847 0 1.544 0.352 1.208 0.051 5 1.865 0 1.560 0.000 1.526 0.039 6 1.405 10.761 5.874 5.361 1.149 0.190 7 1.410 10.802 5.896 4.709 1.730 0.191 8 1.416 10.844 5.919 4.052 2.316 0.192 9 1.427 10.928 5.965 2.722 3.501 0.193 10  1.410 10.800 5.880 5.366 1.150 0.131

Inorganic Compound Properties

The emission spectrum exhibited by each of the product inorganic compounds upon excitation with a light source (i.e., a light emitting diode (LED) lamp peaking at 453 mm and its emission was analyzed using an Ocean Optics USB4000 spectrometer available from Ocean Optics). The peak wavelength, Pλ_(phosphor), and the full width half maximum of the emission peak, FWHM, determined from the emission spectra for each inorganic compound are reported in TABLE 2.

The color coordinates CIE_(x) and CIE_(y) in the XYZ color system specified in CIE 13.3-1995 were calculated for each of the inorganic compounds from the emission spectrum in the 380-780 nm wavelength range when excited by the emission from the LED light source according to the method described in CIE 113-1995. The color coordinates determined for the inorganic compounds are reported in TABLE 2.

The internal quantum efficiency for each of the product inorganic compounds from the Examples was determined by taking a sample of the inorganic compound packed into a cell, mounting the cell in an integrating sphere and then exposing the inorganic compound to light emitted from a light source. Specifically, the light from the light source was guided through an optical tube, filtered through a narrow band pass filter to provide monochromatic light with a wavelength of 453 nm that was then directed at the inorganic compound. The spectrum of light emitted from the inorganic compound in the integrating sphere upon excitation with the light from the light source and the light reflected by the inorganic compound were measured with an Ocean Optics USB 4000 spectrometer available from Ocean Optics. The luminous efficiency was measured by packaging in an LED based on a maximum possible efficacy of 683 lm/W. The emission percent was measured by the integrated emission spectral area/excitation spectral area. Each of these values is reported in TABLE 2. The excitation and emission spectra for inorganic compounds prepared according to Examples 4-5 are depicted in FIGS. 1-2, respectively. The emission spectra for inorganic compounds prepared according to Comparative Example C1 and Examples 3, 4 and 5 are depicted in superimposed fashion in FIG. 3. The emission spectra for inorganic compounds prepared according to Examples 6, 7, 9 and 10 are depicted in superimposed fashion in FIG. 4.

TABLE 2 FWHM Pλ_(phosphor) lm/W QE Emission Ex # CIEx CIEy (nm) (nm) (%) (%) (%) C1 0.685 0.314 91 662 83.2 92.5 102.6 1 0.687 0.313 89 662 82.4 90.0 99.9 2 0.687 0.313 90 663 83.0 91.3 101.9 3 0.685 0.315 91 658 84.6 91.1 101.2 4 0.673 0.327 92 650 88.8 88.1 93.2 5 0.663 0.336 94 646 75.3 72.4 73.9 6 0.643 0.356 95 634 107.5 74.0 81.5 7 0.647 0.352 97 636 104.9 77.1 83.8 8 0.652 0.348 103 646 77.9 67.2 72.5 9 0.650 0.350 104 642 75.6 63.2 68.8 10  0.637 0.363 94 629 124.7 76.9 82.5

Inorganic compounds prepared according to Comparative Example C1 and Examples 4 and 5 were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (2-theta scan) using a PANalytical X′ pert X-ray powder diffractometer using Ni-filtered CuKα radiation at 45 kV/40 mA. The sample was scanned (2-theta scan) from 10 to 80° with a step size of 0.02 and a counting time 1 second per step. The scan output for Comparative Example C1 and Examples 4 and 5 is provided in FIGS. 5-7, respectively.

The reflectance spectra exhibited by each of the product inorganic compounds upon excitation with an Xenon lamp peaking at 467 nm and its emission spectra was observed using a SPEX Fluorlog 2 spectrometer available from Jobin Yvon. The observed reflectance spectra for Comparative Example C1 and Examples 1-5 are depicted in FIG. 8. The observed reflectance spectra for Examples 6-10 are depicted in FIG. 9.

The thermal quenching properties of inorganic compounds prepared according to Comparative Example C1 and Examples 1-10 were evaluated using an Ocean Optics USB2000 and a custom made heater. The results of the thermal quenching analysis observed for Comparative Example C1 and Examples 1-5 are depicted in FIG. 10. The results of the thermal quenching analysis observed for Examples 640 are depicted in FIG. 11. 

We claim:
 1. A red phosphor, comprising: an inorganic compound represented by formula (2) (Ca_(z)Sr_(a))AlSiN_(y)C_(x):A  (2) wherein A comprises at least one luminescence activator selected from the group of metal ions consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Mn, Bi and Sb; wherein 0≦z≦1; wherein 0≦a≦1; wherein (z+a)≦1; wherein y=(3−(4x/3)); and, wherein 0.1≦x≦1.5; and, a surface treatment; wherein the surface treatment is applied to a surface of the inorganic compound.
 2. The red phosphor of claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Eu²⁺, Ce³⁺, Tb³⁺, Yb²⁺and Mn²⁺.
 3. The red phosphor of claim 1, wherein A is Eu² ⁺.
 4. The red phosphor of claim 1, wherein the red phosphor exhibits an emission spectra having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(phosphor), between 600 nm and 660 nm upon excitation from a light source exhibiting an emission spectra having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(source), between 200 nm and 600 nm.
 5. A phosphor composition, comprising: a red phosphor according to claim 1; and, a liquid carrier; wherein the red phosphor is dispersed in the liquid carrier.
 6. A lighting apparatus for emitting white light comprising: a light source, wherein the light source produces light having a source luminescence spectrum; and, a first source luminescence spectrum modifier, wherein the first source luminescence spectrum modifier is a red phosphor according to claim 1; wherein the red phosphor is radiationally coupled to the light source.
 7. The lighting apparatus of claim 6, wherein the source luminescence spectrum has a peak wavelength, Pλ_(source), between 200 and 600 nm; and, wherein, upon excitation of the red phosphor by exposure to the light produced by the light source, the red phosphor exhibits an emission spectrum having a peak wavelength, Pλ_(phosphor), between 600 and 660 nm.
 8. The red phosphor of claim 1, wherein 0.2≦x≦1. 